Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñòðóêòóðû Âñåëåííîé
Ïðåæäå âñåãî, çàðîäûøè íåîäíîðîäíîñòè â ðàñøèðÿþùåéñÿ Âñåëåííîé ñóùåñòâîâàëè èçíà÷àëüíî. Èõ ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ïðèðîäà äî ñèõ ïîð íå ÿñíû. Î÷åâèäíî òîëüêî, ÷òî Âñåëåííàÿ íèêîãäà íå áûëà àáñîëþòíî îäíîðîäíîé, à òîëüêî ïî÷òè îäíîðîäíîé, è èìåííî ýòî íåèçâåñòíî îòêóäà âîçíèêøåå «ïî÷òè» ñòàëî ïðè÷èíîé ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ çâåçä, ãàëàêòèê è ïëàíåò. Íå áóäü åãî, ïëîòíîñòü âåùåñòâà â ñîâðåìåííóþ ýïîõó îñòàâàëàñü áû îäèíàêîâîé â ëþáîé òî÷êå Âñåëåííîé. Óñòðîéñòâî ìèðà áûëî áû ïðîñòûì, íî áåçóìíî ñêó÷íûì, ëèøåííûì ôîðì è ñòðóêòóð.
Ñ ðàçâèòèåì êîìïüþòåðíîé òåõíèêè è ïîÿâëåíèåì ìîùíûõ ïðîöåññîðîâ ñòàëè âîçìîæíû ñëîæíûå, ãðîìîçäêèå ðàñ÷åòû, ìîäåëèðóþùèå ðàçâèòèå ñèñòåì, êîòîðûå ñîñòîÿò èç îãðîìíîãî ÷èñëà ãðàâèòàöèîííî âçàèìîäåéñòâóþùèõ ÷àñòèö. Êîìïüþòåðíîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå Áîëüøîãî âçðûâà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî áëàãîäàðÿ èçíà÷àëüíûì ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèì íåîäíîðîäíîñòÿì ïëîòíîñòè âåùåñòâà, çàïîëíÿþùåãî Âñåëåííóþ, ïðèìåðíî ÷åðåç ñòî òûñÿ÷ ëåò ïîñëå íà÷àëà Áîëüøîãî âçðûâà ìàòåðèÿ ðàçáèëàñü íà ãèãàíòñêèå ãàçîâûå ñãóñòêè (ñòàâøèå âïîñëåäñòâèè ñêîïëåíèÿìè ãàëàêòèê). Ýòè ïðîòîñêîïëåíèÿ ðàçäåëèëèñü íà ìåíüøèå îáðàçîâàíèÿ, èç êîòîðûõ çàòåì ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü ãàëàêòèêè. Ïîñëåäíèå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ðàçäåëèëèñü íà çâåçäû. Òàê âîçíèêëà íàáëþäàåìàÿ â íàøó ýïîõó ñòðóêòóðà Âñåëåííîé. Ñóùåñòâåííàÿ íåîäíîðîäíîñòü ñåãîäíÿøíåé Âñåëåííîé è åå ñòðóêòóðà îáóñëîâëåíû ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûìè ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèìè íåîäíîðîäíîñòÿìè.
Îòêóäà âçÿëèñü òÿæåëûå ÿäðà
Íî êàê âîçíèêëè òÿæåëûå ýëåìåíòû, êîòîðûõ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî â ðàñøèðÿþùåìñÿ ãàçîâîì øàðå íå áûëî? Ãëàâíóþ ðîëü â íóêëåîñèíòåçå (ñèíòåçå àòîìíûõ ÿäåð) èãðàëè òåðìîÿäåðíûå ðåàêöèè, ïðîòåêàþùèå â íåäðàõ çâåçä, ãäå òåìïåðàòóðà è ïëîòíîñòü âåùåñòâà äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêè äëÿ ïðîòåêàíèÿ òàêèõ ðåàêöèé. Âñå èëè ïî÷òè âñå òÿæåëûå ýëåìåíòû îáðàçîâàëèñü â çâåçäàõ.
À áûëî ýòî òàê. Ñôîðìèðîâàâøèåñÿ èç ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî, ïî÷òè îäíîðîäíîãî áàðèîííîãî âåùåñòâà ãàçîâûå ñãóñòêè — ïðîòîçâåçäû — ñîñòîÿëè èç ÿäåð âîäîðîäà (ïðîòîíîâ) ñ ïðèìåñüþ ÿäåð ãåëèÿ. Ïîä äåéñòâèåì ñèë ïðèòÿæåíèÿ ìåæäó îòäåëüíûìè ÿäðàìè ñãóñòêè ñæèìàëèñü. Òåìïåðàòóðà è ïëîòíîñòü â öåíòðàëüíûõ îáëàñòÿõ ïðè ýòîì ïîâûøàëèñü.  êàêîé-òî ìîìåíò (åãî ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ìîìåíòîì ðîæäåíèÿ çâåçäû) òåìïåðàòóðà äîñòèãàåò çíà÷åíèé â äåñÿòêè ìèëëèîíîâ ãðàäóñîâ, ïðè êîòîðûõ âîçìîæíà ðåàêöèÿ (1): ïðîòîí ð ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ íåéòðîíîì n, îáðàçóÿ ÿäðî äåéòåðèÿ 2Í, ñîñòîÿùåå èç äâóõ íóêëîíîâ:
ð + n - 2H + ? (1)
Ïðè ýòîì èñïóñêàåòñÿ ãàììà-êâàíò ?, åìó ïðåäñòîèò äîëãèé ïóòü èç ÿäðà çâåçäû äî åå ïîâåðõíîñòè, êîòîðûé ìîæåò çàíèìàòü ìèëëèîí ëåò è áîëüøå. Ìíîãîêðàòíî ïîãëîùàÿñü ÿäðàìè è ïåðåèçëó÷àÿñü, ãàììà-êâàíò äîéäåò äî àòìîñôåðû çâåçäû, çàòåì ïîêèíåò åå è óéäåò â êîñìè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî. Èìåííî áëàãîäàðÿ ãàììà-êâàíòàì, îáðàçîâàííûì â òåðìîÿäåðíûõ ðåàêöèÿõ, çâåçäû (â òîì ÷èñëå è Ñîëíöå) ìîãóò ñâåòèòü — èçëó÷àòü ýíåðãèþ, êîòîðàÿ ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå â îäíîì èçâåñòíîì íàì ñëó÷àå ñëóæèò äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ æèçíè. Íåïðåðûâíûé «òåðìîÿäåðíûé âçðûâ» âíóòðè çâåçäû êîìïåíñèðóåò ãðàâèòàöèîííûå ñèëû, ñòðåìÿùèåñÿ åå ñæàòe_rss', 'ent2ncr', 8);
add_filter('the_title_rss', 'wp_specialchars');
add_filter('the_content_rss', 'ent2ncr', 8);
add_filter('the_excerpt_rss', 'convert_chars');
add_filter('the_excerpt_rss', 'ent2ncr', 8);
add_filter('comment_author_rss', 'ent2ncr', 8);
add_filter('comment_text_rss', 'ent2ncr', 8);
add_filter('comment_text_rss', 'wp_specialchars');
add_filter('bloginfo_rss', 'ent2ncr', 8);
add_filter('the_author', 'ent2ncr', 8);
// Misc filters
add_filter('option_ping_sites', 'privacy_ping_filter');
add_filter('option_blog_charset', 'wp_specialchars');
add_filter('option_home', '_config_wp_home');
add_filter('option_siteurl', '_config_wp_siteurl');
add_filter('tiny_mce_before_init', '_mce_set_direction');
add_filter('pre_kses', 'wp_pre_kses_less_than');
add_filter('sanitize_title', 'sanitize_title_with_dashes');
add_action('check_comment_flood', 'check_comment_flood_db', 10, 3);
add_filter('comment_flood_filter', 'wp_throttle_comment_flood', 10, 3);
add_filter('pre_comment_content', 'wp_rel_nofollow', 15);
add_filter('comment_email', 'antispambot');
//Atom SSL support
add_filter('atom_service_url','atom_service_url_filter');
// Actions
add_action('wp_head', 'rsd_link');
add_action('wp_head', 'wlwmanifest_link');
add_action('wp_head', 'locale_stylesheet');
add_action('publish_future_post', 'check_and_publish_future_post', 10, 1);
add_action('wp_head', 'noindex', 1);
add_action('wp_head', 'wp_print_scripts');
add_action('wp_head', 'wp_generator');
if(!defined('DOING_CRON'))
add_action('init', 'wp_cron');
add_action('do_feed_rdf', 'do_feed_rdf', 10, 1);
add_action('do_feed_rss', 'do_feed_rss', 10, 1);
add_action('do_feed_rss2', 'do_feed_rss2', 10, 1);
add_action('do_feed_atom', 'do_feed_atom', 10, 1);
add_action('do_pings', 'do_all_pings', 10, 1);
add_action('do_robots', 'do_robots');
add_action('sanitize_comment_cookies', 'sanitize_comment_cookies');
add_action('admin_print_scripts', 'wp_print_scripts', 20);
add_action('init', 'smilies_init', 5);
add_action( 'plugins_loaded', 'wp_maybe_load_widgets', 0 );
add_action( 'shutdown', 'wp_ob_end_flush_all', 1);
add_action('publish_post', '_publish_post_hook', 5, 1);
add_action('future_post', '_future_post_hook', 5, 2);
add_action('future_page', '_future_post_hook', 5, 2);
add_action('save_post', '_save_post_hook', 5, 2);
add_action('transition_post_status', '_transition_post_status', 5, 3);
add_action('comment_form', 'wp_comment_form_unfiltered_html_nonce');
// Redirect Old Slugs
add_action('template_redirect', 'wp_old_slug_redirect');
add_action('edit_post', 'wp_check_for_changed_slugs');
add_action('edit_form_advanced', 'wp_remember_old_slug');
?>
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Ce week end se tenait au Trocadero a deux pas de la tour Eiffel un rassemblement electro organisé par la team SMDB, qui a réunit pas mal de danseurs. Au programme, une chorégraphie collective à exécuter, dont la description était diffusée quelques jours auparavant sur leur blog.
Vidéo des SMDB sur la musique de Kevin Tandarsen - ‘Give it up’ :